EMELLE . The Mormon-Missouri War (also called the Mormon War or the Missouri War) was an armed conflict between the Latter-day Saints and other citizens of northern Missouri in the fall of 1838. Exaggerated initial reports indicated that nearly all of Bogart's company had been killed. The specific dates of the war are from August 6, 1838, (the Gallatin election battle) to November 1, 1838, when Joseph Smith surrendered at Far West. My fundamental claim is that the rhetoric of both sides in the 1838 Mormon War exhibited the signature strategies of Innocent III's ideology of anti-heretical crusade. . John Corrill, one of the Mormon leaders, remembered: Friendship began to be restored between (the Mormons) and their neighbors, the old prejudices were fast dying away, and they were doing well, until the summer of 1838[18], In 1837, problems at the church's headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio, centering on the Kirtland Safety Society bank, led to schism. King found that there was sufficient evidence to have the defendants appear before a grand jury on misdemeanor charges. [35] The crowd dispersed, and the Mormons returned to their homes. Jacob Stollings, a Gallatin merchant, was reported to have been generous in selling to Mormons on credit, but his store was plundered and burned with the rest. Those minutes were written up and widely published in newspapers across the country. [44], As tensions built in Daviess County, other counties began to respond to Carroll County's request for assistance in expelling the Mormons from their county. Doniphan already had troops raised to prevent fighting between Mormons and anti-Mormons in Daviess County. [21] Mormons felt that the compromise only excluded major settlements in Clay County and Ray County, not Daviess County and Carroll County. The gun was found to have been stolen from a local shopkeeper, who identified "that hired man of Ward's" as the most likely culprit. Lilburn Boggs, as a Jackson county resident, and as Lieutenant Governor, was in a position to observe and assist in executing the tactics described by one Mormon historian: In 1833 Boggs passively saw community leaders and officials sign demands for Mormon withdrawal, and next force a gunbarrel contract to abandon the county before spring plantinganti-Mormon goals were reached in a few simple stages. AbeBooks.com: The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri (Volume 1) (9780826207296) by LeSueur, Stephen C. and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at great prices. Click the image for an enlarged map illustrating the Battle of Crooked River. [48][49], General David R. Atchison wrote a letter to Governor Lilburn Boggs on October 16, 1838. During the fall of 1838, as tensions escalated during what is now known as the Mormon-Missouri War, the Danites were apparently absorbed into militias largely composed of Latter-day Saints. The day has gone by when masses of men can be outlawed, and driven from society to the wilderness, unprotected. The Danites were a fraternal organization founded by Latter Day Saint members in June 1838, in the town of Far West, Caldwell County, Missouri.During their period of organization in Missouri, the Danites operated as a vigilante group and took a central role in the events of the 1838 Mormon War.There is no evidence that the Danites existed after 1838. Although Mormons won the battle, they took heavier casualties than the Militia, only one of whom, Moses Rowland, was killed. Most refugees made their way east to Illinois, where residents of the town of Quincy helped them. Although county officials could only legally act within the county, this judge authorized Hinkle to defend Latter Day Saint settlements in neighboring Daviess County. [56], Even Missourians who had been friendly to the Mormons were not spared. The militia promptly arrested Smith and the other leaders. Around 200 non-Mormons gathered in Gallatin on election day to prevent Mormons from voting. [74] One 19th century Missouri historian noted: "The Daviess County men were very bitter against the Mormons, and vowed the direst vengeance on the entire sect. Major General Samuel D. Lucas marched the state militia to Far West and laid siege to the Mormon headquarters. The Missouri Argus published an editorial on December 20, 1838, that public opinion should not permit the Mormons to forcibly be expelled from the state: They cannot be driven beyond the limits of the statethat is certain. According to Hinkle, Smith wanted a treaty with the Missourians "on any terms short of battle. By. [63] None of these claims, however, purport to be eyewitness accounts. [57], When a Mormon band plundered and burned the Taylor home, one young Mormon, Benjamin F Johnson, argued his fellow vigilantes into leaving a horse for a pregnant Mrs Taylor and her children to ride to safety. Colonel Hinkle and Mormons of the Caldwell County militia were joined by elements of the Danite organization. The group and their murder/revenge tactics are surrounded in some historical mystery. Several children also became ill during the ordeal and died later. My brigade shall march for Liberty to-morrow morning, at 8 o'clock, and if you execute those men, I will hold you responsible before an earthly tribunal, so help me God! According to Latter Day Saint witness Reed Peck, when Smith was told that the Mormons would be expected to leave the state, he replied that "he did not care" and that he would be glad to get out of the "damnable state" anyway. After the court martial, he ordered General Alexander William Doniphan: You will take Joseph Smith and the other prisoners into the public square of Far West and shoot them at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning.[94]. The non-Mormon militiaman who died was Moses Rowland, who was killed at Crooked River on 25 October 1838. [1] In Daviess County, where Whigs and Democrats had been roughly evenly balanced, Mormon population reached a level where they could determine election results. Judge Josiah Morin and Samuel McBrier, both considered friendly to the Mormons, both fled Daviess County after being threatened. [39], In the spring of 1838, Henry Root, a non-Mormon who was a major land-owner in Carroll County, visited Far West and sold his plots in the mostly vacant town of De Witt to church leaders. Rumor reached Far West that a Militia unit from Ray County had taken Mormons prisoner and an armed party was quickly assembled to rescue these prisoners and push the Militia out of the county. Ironically, as a result of his kindness, he was the only Mormon who was positively identified to have participated in the home burnings. [105], Daviess County residents were outraged by the escape of Smith and the other leaders. [76], On October 29, this large vigilante band of some 250 men assembled and entered eastern Caldwell County. However, Reynolds was unable to capture Rockwell. Having taken control of the Missourian settlements, the Mormons plundered the property and burned the stores and houses. Overwhelmingly, these claims are contradicted by the majority of both Missourian and Latter Day Saint testimony (which implicate the Mormons in the burnings) and also by the evidence of the looted property found in the possession of Latter Day Saints. "[27][37] Black later confirmed that he had felt threatened by the large number of hostile armed men. Citizens in Saline, Howard, Jackson, Chariton, Ray, and other nearby counties organized vigilance committees sympathetic to the Carroll County expulsion party. After several non-Mormons made statements to the authorities that Johnson had acted as a moderating influence on the Danites, he was allowed to escape rather than stand trial. In the summer and fall of 1838, animosity between Mormons and their neighbors in western Missouri erupted into an armed conflict known as the Mormon War. Joseph Smith and the other arrested leaders were held overnight under guard in General Lucas' camp, where they were left exposed to the elements. Major General Samuel D. Lucas marched the state militia to Far West and laid siege to the Mormon headquarters. Black refused, but after meeting with Smith, he wrote and signed a document stating that he "is not attached to any mob, nor will attach himself to any such people, and so long as they [the Mormons] will not molest me, I will not molest them. Omitir e ir al contenido principal.us. Despite an attempt by the Mormons to parley, the mob attacked. After the inquiry, all but a few of the Mormon prisoners were released, but Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Lyman Wight, Caleb Baldwin, Hyrum Smith and Alexander McRae were held in the Liberty Jail in Liberty, Clay County on charges of treason against the state, murder, arson, burglary, robbery and larceny. Finally, the Mormons who had taken up arms were to leave the state. However, under the leadership of William Austin, the vigilantes refocused their efforts on the small Mormon settlement at De Witt [57] According to one witness, "We could stand in our door and see houses burning every night for over two weeks the Mormons completely gutted Daviess County. [104], It is also believed that Smith's imprisonment had become an embarrassment, and that an escape would be convenient for Boggs and the rest of the Missouri political establishment. The Missourians had the advantage of position and fired, but the Mormons continued to advance. In 1838, Missouri witnessed the "Missouri Mormon War". [1] Clark to Boggs, 29 Nov. 1838, Mormon War Papers, Missouri State Archives. (jwha.info 2010) Boggs survived, but Mormons came under immediate suspicion. When the Missourian raiders approached the settlement on the afternoon of October 30, some 30 to 40 Latter Day Saint families were living or encamped there. Unfortunately, the shop had large gaps between the logs which the Missourians shot into and, as one Mormon later recalled, it became more "slaughter-house rather than a shelter. Tensions built up between the rapidly growing Mormon community and the earlier settlers for a number of reasons: These tensions led to harassment and mob violence against the Mormon settlers. The conflict continued until early November, when the outnumbered Mormons surrendered and agreed to leave the state. This literature review will focus on the time period from 1838 to 1839, during which the Mormon War took place. To William Wines Phelps, a fellow Latter Day Saint and witness to the events, Hinkle wrote: "When the facts were laid before Joseph, did he not say, 'I will go'; and did not the others go with him, and that, too, voluntarily, so far as you and I were concerned? [25][26], At the same time Mormons, including Sampson Avard, began to organize a secret society known as the Danites, whose purposes included obeying the church presidency "right or wrong" and expelling the dissenters from Caldwell County. Mormon is a nickname used by non-members taken from the Book of Mormon, scriptures translated by Joseph Smith by the power of God from an ancient record. Members of the Latter Day Saint movement, founded by Joseph Smith, had gradually migrated from New York to northwestern Missouri since 1831, mainly settling in Jackson County, where tensions with non-Mormon residents led to episodes of anti-Mormon violence. One woman died of exposure, the other (a woman named Jenson) died in childbirth. A number of Missourians left the scene to obtain guns and ammunition and swore that they would "kill all the Saints they could find, or drive them out of Daviess County, sparing neither men, women or children. The presidency responded by urging the dissenters to leave the county, using strong words that the dissenters interpreted as threats. In addition, LeSueur views the conflict as an expression of attitudes and beliefs that have fostered a vigilante tradition in the United States. Following some players' questions about this new gameplay, we have prepared this Q&A for you. General Parks arrived with the Ray County militia on October 6, but his order to disperse was ignored by the mob. It won the best book award for the Mormon History Association. [120], Whatever the case, the following year Rockwell was arrested, tried, and acquitted of the attempted murder,[118] although most of Boggs' contemporaries remained convinced of his guilt. [35][36], When the Mormons heard a rumor that Judge Adam Black was gathering a mob near Millport, one hundred armed men, including Joseph Smith, surrounded Black's home. 1838 Mormon War 14 March 1838: Joseph Smith arrives in Far West. On October 24, 1838, three Mormons were captured by the Missourians and a troop was organized to go free them. If teachers do not have optimistic attitude toward children with special educational needs, meaningful education for them is far-fetched. The state militia broke ranks and fled across the river. William Bowman, one of the guards, was dragged by his hair across the town square. Parks wrote his superior, General David Rice Atchison, that "a word from his Excellency would have more power to quell this affair than a regiment. It won the best book award for the Mormon History Association. [35] Reminding Daviess County residents of the growing electoral power of the Mormon community, Peniston made a speech in Gallatin claiming that if the Missourians "suffer such men as these [Mormons] to vote, you will soon lose your suffrage." The day has gone by when masses of men can be outlawed, and driven from society to the wilderness, unprotected. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri [Volume 1] [ ] Used - Good at the best online prices at eBay! And Subsequent Expulsion. Mormon War Date August 6 - November 1, 1838 Location Northwest Missouri, United States Result Mormons stripped of property and expelled from Missouri In an effort to keep the peace, Alexander William Doniphan of Clay County pushed a law through the Missouri legislature that created Caldwell County, Missouri, specifically for Mormon settlement in 1836. Two members of the Far West High Council, George M. Hinkle and John Murdock, were sent to take possession of the town and to begin to colonize it. The conflict expanded to involve state officials, including the governor, and resulted in the incarceration of Joseph Smith and the forced expulsion of the . Durante el conflicto fueron asesinadas 22 personas (3 mormones y 1 no mormn en el ro Crooked y 18 mormones en Haun's Mill). [48], The besieged town resorted to butchering whatever loose livestock wandered into town in order to avoid starvation while waiting for the militia or the Governor to come to their aid. [13] Latter Day Saint refugees began to flee to Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection and shelter against the upcoming winter. [56], Local citizens were outraged by the actions of the Danites and other Mormon bands. Once there, they swore out affidavits concerning the burning and looting in Daviess County. In 1834, Latter Day Saints attempted to effect a return to Jackson County with a quasi-military expedition known as Zion's Camp, but this effort also failed when the governor failed to provide the expected support.[15]. Nathan Tanner reported that his militia company rescued another woman and three small children who were hiding in the bushes as their home burned. It should also be noted that none of the participants in the raid ever cited the order as justification for their actions. [109][110] Judge Austin A King, who had been assigned the cases of the Mormons charged with offenses during the conflict, warned "If you once think to plant crops or to occupy your lands any longer than the first of April, the citizens will be upon you: they will kill you every one, men, women and children."[13]. On September 7, Smith and Lyman Wight appeared before Judge Austin A. Nearly every one was burned. While Mormons were viewed as deluded or worse, many Missourians agreed with the sentiment expressed in the Southern Advocate: By what color of propriety a portion of the people of the State, can organize themselves into a body, independent of the civil power, and contravene the general laws of the land by preventing the free enjoyment of the right of citizenship to another portion of the people, we are at a loss to comprehend. The Mormons divided into three columns led by David W. Patten, Charles C. Rich, and James Durphee. The county seat, Gallatin, is reported to have been "completely gutted" only one shoe store remained unscathed. [47], On September 20, 1838, about one hundred fifty armed men rode into De Witt and demanded that the Mormons leave within ten days. [84][85] Colonel Hinkle stated that the Latter Day Saints would help bring to justice those Mormons who had violated the law, but he protested that the other terms were illegal and unconstitutional. On August 19, 1838, Mormon settler Smith Humphrey reports that 100 armed men led by Colonel William Claude Jones took him prisoner for two hours and threatened him and the rest of the Mormon community.[43]. This scholarly book, based on work Alexander Baugh did for his . [105] One resolution passed by the Quincy town council read: Resolved: That the gov of Missouri, in refusing protection to this class of people when pressed upon by an heartless mob, and turning upon them a band of unprincipled Militia, with orders encouraging their extermination, has brought a lasting disgrace upon the state over which he presides.[106]. Rumors among both parties spread that there were casualties in the conflict. Nearly every one was burned. Seymour Brunson attacked Grindstone Fork. Executive paralysis permitted terrorism, which forced Mormons to self-defense, which was immediately labeled as an "insurrection", and was put down by the activated militia of the county. 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